On 3 November 2026, Advocate General Maciej Szpunar of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) delivered his Opinion in Case C-250/25, Like Company v Google, the first case before the CJEU concerning Generative Artificial Intelligence. The case examines whether the real-time retrieval of press publications by Artificial Intelligence systems, through Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) technology, and their use in chatbot responses may infringe the rights of press publishers protected under Article 15 of Directive (EU) 2019/790.
The Advocate General indicates that an infringement of publishers’ rights may arise where a chatbot’s responses reproduce recognisable elements of the expression of a press publication to such an extent that users no longer need to visit the original source. He also examines the conditions under which the provider of the service may be held liable.
As regards the training of Artificial Intelligence models, the Advocate General proposes that the relevant questions referred for a preliminary ruling be declared inadmissible. He also expresses the view that AI training is, in principle, covered by the text and data mining (TDM) exception under Article 4 of the Directive.
The Advocate General’s Opinion is not binding on the Court, which will deliver its judgment at a later date.
Greece’s participation in the proceedings is of particular importance. Greece intervened through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, with the support of the Hellenic Copyright Organization.